Q- Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Crohn’s disease?
A-Skip lesions
B-Continuous involvement of the rectum
C-Presence of pseudomembranes
D-Eosinophilic infiltration in the colon
A-Skip lesions- One characteristic feature of Crohn’s disease is the presence of “skip lesions,” which means that inflammation can occur in segments with healthy tissue in between. This contrasts with conditions like ulcerative colitis, another form of IBD, where inflammation typically involves continuous areas of the colon and rectum.
Q- A 28-year-old female presents with a history of fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Physical examination reveals a puffy face, slow speech, and coarse hair. Laboratory tests show elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreased free thyroxine (FT4).
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A-Grave’s disease
B-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
C-Subacute thyroiditis
D-Toxic multinodular goiter
B-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition leading to inflammation and gradual destruction of thyroid tissue. This results in hypothyroidism, as seen by elevated TSH and decreased FT4 levels. The clinical features often include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and characteristic physical signs such as a puffy face, slow speech, and coarse hair.
Q- A 60-year-old male presents with a sudden-onset severe headache, nausea, and vomiting. On examination, there is neck stiffness, and a lumbar puncture reveals an elevated opening pressure with cloudy cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Which of the following is the most likely causative organism?
A-Arboviruses
B-Enteroviruses
C-Hemophilus influenza
D-Varicella-Zoster virus
C-Hemophilus influenza- Though less common now due to vaccination, it used to be a significant cause of meningitis, particularly in children. The cloudy appearance of CSF is due to the increased presence of white blood cells, bacteria, and proteins, which are indicators of an inflammatory response in the central nervous system. It’s important to note that viral causes of meningitis may also lead to an increase in white blood cells in the CSF, but the appearance is often less turbid compared to bacterial meningitis. The diagnosis is confirmed through laboratory analysis of the CSF obtained through a lumbar puncture.
