Q- Which of the following are the primary vessels responsible for the regulation of blood pressure?
A- Arteries
B- Arterioles
C- Capillaries
D- Veins
E- Venuses
B- Arterioles- Arterioles are the small branches of arteries that lead directly into capillary beds. They have muscular walls that can constrict or dilate to regulate blood flow and systemic vascular resistance. Because of this, they play the primary role in controlling blood pressure and directing blood to specific tissues as needed.
Arteries mainly serve as conduits for blood flow.
Capillaries are for the exchange of gases and nutrients.
Veins serve as blood reservoirs and return blood to the heart.
“Venuses” is not a correct anatomical term.
Q- Which one of the following factors stimulates the renal secretion of renin?
A- Decreased pressure in the afferent glomerular arterioles
B- Increased pressure in the afferent glomerular arterioles
C- Increased serum sodium ion concentration
D- Increased chloride ion concentration in the renal distal tubules
A- Decreased pressure in the afferent glomerular arterioles-
Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney when there is a drop in renal perfusion pressure. These specialized cells act as intrarenal baroreceptors that detect reduced stretch in the afferent arteriole, leading to increased renin release.
Renin secretion is also stimulated by:
Decreased sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa (not increased).
Sympathetic stimulation via β₁-adrenergic receptors.
Q- Which one of the following differentiates exudate from transudate?
A- Few leukocytes
B- Low protein content
C- High specific gravity
D- High osmotic pressure
C- High specific gravity- The key feature that differentiates exudate from transudate is its high protein content and specific gravity.
Exudate results from increased capillary permeability (e.g., inflammation, infection, malignancy). It is rich in proteins, has a high specific gravity (>1.020), and often contains many inflammatory cells.
Transudate results from increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure (e.g., heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome). It has low protein content, few or no leukocytes, and low specific gravity (<1.012).
7 thoughts on “Repeated USMLE Questions Step 1- 316- Pathology”
Exudate has high protein content, high specific gravity, and contains leukocytes. Thank you for your question.
Difference between exaudate and transudate
I write questions as much as my time allow. Thanks so much for your visit.
more questions
1):B)
2):c)
3):c)
1) :B)
2): c)
3) c)
For the question about renin, why is it serum Na? I thought it was low NaCl at the macula densa/low BP at the afferent arteriole/ B1 sympathetic stimulation.
Exudate has high protein content, high specific gravity, and contains leukocytes. Thank you for your question.
Difference between exaudate and transudate
I write questions as much as my time allow. Thanks so much for your visit.
more questions
1):B)
2):c)
3):c)
1) :B)
2): c)
3) c)
For the question about renin, why is it serum Na? I thought it was low NaCl at the macula densa/low BP at the afferent arteriole/ B1 sympathetic stimulation.