pharmacology

Q- A 60-year-old patient with chronic heart failure is started on digoxin. Which electrolyte imbalance increases the risk of digoxin toxicity? A- Hyperkalemia B- Hypocalcemia C- Hypokalemia D- Hyponatremia   Q- Which of the following drugs inhibits bacterial folate synthesis by blocking dihydropteroate synthase? A- Ciprofloxacin B- Isoniazid C- Trimethoprim D- Sulfamethoxazole   Q- A … Read more

Q- Which of the following drugs is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used in the management of myasthenia gravis? A- Atropine B- Neostigmine C- Pralidoxime D- Succinylcholine   Q- A patient with atrial fibrillation is prescribed warfarin. Which of the following factors will increase the anticoagulant effect of warfarin? A- Vitamin K deficiency B- Rifampin therapy … Read more

Q- A 25-year-old man is treated with chloramphenicol for typhoid fever. He later develops pallor, fatigue, and pancytopenia. Which adverse effect best explains this presentation? A- Dose-dependent reversible anemia B- Folate deficiency C- Irreversible aplastic anemia D- Vitamin B12 deficiency   Q- A 60-year-old woman with hypertension is prescribed hydralazine. Which adverse effect is most … Read more

Q- A 64-year-old man with atrial fibrillation is started on warfarin therapy. After 3 days, he develops skin necrosis. Which of the following best explains this complication? A- Direct inhibition of thrombin B- Immediate depletion of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X C- Rapid decline in protein C leading to transient hypercoagulability D- Vitamin K … Read more

Q- Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of carvedilol in treating high blood pressure? A- Calcium channel blocker in vascular smooth muscle B- Central α₂-adrenergic stimulation C- Nonselective β-adrenergic blockade with α₁-adrenergic blockade D- Selective β₁-adrenergic blockade only   Q- Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of … Read more