Q- A 59-year-old man presents with progressive dysphagia. Endoscopy reveals an ulcerated mass in the distal esophagus. Biopsy shows malignant gland-forming cells.
Which risk factor is most strongly associated with this condition?
A- Alcohol consumption
B- Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease
C- Human papillomavirus infection
D- Iron deficiency anemia
Q- A 66-year-old woman presents with bone pain and hearing loss. Laboratory studies show elevated alkaline phosphatase with normal calcium and phosphate levels.
What is the most likely underlying pathology?
A- Osteomalacia
B- Osteoporosis
C- Paget’s disease of bone
D- Primary hyperparathyroidism
Q- A 35-year-old man presents with hematuria and rapidly worsening renal function. Renal biopsy shows crescent formation in glomeruli.
Which mechanism best explains this pathology?
A- Basement membrane thickening
B- Immune complex deposition
C- Podocyte injury
D- Proliferation of parietal epithelial cells
Q- A 42-year-old woman presents with fatigue and glossitis. Peripheral smear shows macrocytosis and hypersegmented neutrophils.
Which additional finding is most likely present?
A- Decreased reticulocyte count due to hemolysis
B- Elevated bilirubin due to RBC destruction
C- Increased homocysteine levels
D- Low ferritin levels
Q- A 70-year-old man presents with memory loss and personality changes. Autopsy of the brain reveals extracellular beta-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.
What protein makes up the neurofibrillary tangles?
A- Alpha-synuclein
B- Beta-amyloid
C- Prion protein
D- Tau protein