Repeated USMLE Questions Step 1 Review- 126- Pharmacology

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Q- Which one of the following diuretics is appropriate to be prescribed for hypertension to a patient with a history of calcium oxalate renal stones?

A- Acetazolamide

B- Furosemide

C- Hydrochlorothiazide

D- Spironolactone

C- Hydrochlorothiazide- Patients with calcium renal stones often have too much calcium in their urine, which promotes stone formation. Thiazide diuretics reduce the secretion of calcium in the urine, helping to prevent the formation of calcium stones.

 

Q- ACE inhibitors commonly cause a persistent cough. What is most likely the reason for this side effect?

A- They decrease renin release

B- They increase angiotensin II levels

C- They prevent the breakdown of bradykinin, causing its levels to rise

D- They stimulate u-opioid receptors

C- They prevent the breakdown of bradykinin, causing its levels to rise- ACE normally degrades bradykinin, a vasodilator. ACE inhibitors block angiotensin II formation and also block bradykinin breakdown, leading to vasodilation but also trigger a dry cough.

 

Q- Which of the following statements correctly differentiates bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A- Bactericidal antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis, while bacteriostatic antibiotics damage the cell wall

B- Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth

C- Bacteriostatic antibiotics kill bacteria, while bactericidal antibiotics slow their growth

D- There is no difference

B- Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth. Antibiotics either kill bacteria or slow their growth. Bactericidal antibiotics kill the organism, while bacteriostatic agents merely inhibit growth; the host’s immune system must then eliminate the bacteria.

 

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