Q- Which one of the following conditions is the most common cardiac cause of electrical alternans?
A- Cardiac tamponade
B- Digitalis treatment
C- Hypercalcemia
D- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
A- Cardiac tamponade- Electrical alternan is alternate variation in direction, amplitude, and duration of any component of the ECG. It occurs mainly in cases of large pericardial effusion, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, emphysema, and large bilateral pleural effusions.
Q- Which one of the following muscles is responsible for internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder?
A- Infraspinatus
B- Pectoralis major
C- Subscapularis
D- Supraspinatus
C- Subscapularis- It is the only one on the list that is responsible for internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder. It is one of the rotator cuff muscles which are responsible for holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa.
Q- Which of the following is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in elderly patients?
A- Amyloidosis
B- Bicuspid aortic valve
C- Dystrophic calcification of the aortic valve
D- Myocardial infarction
C- Dystrophic calcification of the aortic valve- It is caused by degenerative changes related to aging. These changes lead to narrowing of the aortic outlet.
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