Q- Which one of the following conditions is characterized by the detection of atrophied villi on an intestinal biopsy?
A- Celiac disease
B- Crohn’s disease
C- Lactose intolerance
D- Ulcerative colitis
The correct answer is A. Celiac disease is a chronic disorder caused by immune reaction to gluten which is found in some foods such as wheat, rye and barley. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness, and fatigue. Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody is diagnostic, but biopsy is needed to confirm it.
Q- Primary osteoporosis generally occurs in which one of the following conditions?
A- Glucocorticoid use
B- Hyperthyroidism
C- Hypogonadism
D- Post-menopause
The correct answer is D. Post-menopause is the only condition on the list that is considered primary. Other conditions lead to secondary osteoporosis.
Q- Which one of the following actions is affected by upregulation and downregulation of the drug receptors?
A- Adaptation to the drug
B- Drug association to the receptor
C- Drug dissociation from the receptor
D- Receptor coupling
The correct answer is A. Adaptation to medication such as tachyphylaxis, desensitization, tolerance, etc. are affected by receptor upregulation and downregulation.
