Q- Which of the following is the acid-base disturbance most likely seen in a case of aspirin toxicity?
A- Metabolic acidosis only
B- Respiratory alkalosis only
C- Respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
D- Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis
D- Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis—In the early stages of aspirin toxicity, respiratory alkalosis predominates due to hyperventilation. As toxicity progresses, metabolic acidosis becomes more pronounced due to the accumulation of organic acids and disruption of cellular metabolism. In this case, both respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis coexist.
Q- In the case of candida albicans, caspofungin is used for treatment. Which of the following components of the organism can lead to resistance to this antifungal treatment?
A- Biofilm
B- Chitin
C- DNA gyrase
D- Ergosterol
A- Biofilm- Biofilm formation in candida albicans is a key mechanism of resistance to antifungal treatments, including caspofungin. Biofilms protect fungal cells by creating a physical barrier and altering the microenvironment, which reduces drug penetration and efficacy. Chitin is the white part of the fungal wall and is not directly related to the resistance of Caspofungin. DNA gyrase is a bacterial enzyme, irrelevant to fungal resistance. Ergosterol is targeted by azoles and polyenes, not caspofungin.
Q- Which of the following bones articulate at the coronal suture of the skull?
A- The frontal and occipital bones
B- The frontal and parietal bones
C- The parietal and occipital bones
D- The parietal bones of both sides
B- The frontal and parietal bones- The coronal suture is the junction where the frontal bone articulates with the parietal bones on either side of the skull.
