pathology

Q- A 55-year-old woman presents with multiple café-au-lait spots and soft, pedunculated skin tumors. Which genetic defect is associated with this condition? A- Deletion of chromosome 22q B- Mutation of the RB tumor suppressor gene C- Mutation of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene D- Trinucleotide repeat expansion on chromosome 4   Q- A 30-year-old woman … Read more

Q- A 48-year-old man presents with jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools. Lab tests show elevated direct bilirubin and markedly elevated alkaline phosphatase. Ultrasound reveals dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts. What is the most likely cause? A-Gilbert disease B-Hemolytic anemia C-Obstruction of the common bile duct D-Viral hepatitis   Q- A 22-year-old man presents with … Read more

Q- A 65-year-old man presents with progressive shortness of breath and swelling of his legs. Autopsy shows a heart that is firm and rubbery with amyloid deposition between myocardial fibers. Which of the following best describes the staining characteristics of amyloid? A- Congo red positive, apple-green birefringence under polarized light B- Periodic acid-Schiff positive, resistant … Read more

Q- A 60-year-old woman presents with progressive jaundice and weight loss. Imaging shows a mass at the head of the pancreas. Which of the following is the most likely paraneoplastic finding? A- Cushing syndrome B- Hypercalcemia due to PTHrP secretion C- Hyponatremia due to SIADH D- Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau syndrome)   Q- A 27-year-old man … Read more

Q- A 62-year-old man with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with weight loss, epigastric pain, and jaundice. CT scan shows a mass in the head of pancreas. Which tumor marker is most useful for this diagnosis? A- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) B- Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) C- Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) D- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) … Read more

Q- A 55-year-old man presents with hematuria. Cystoscopy shows a papillary growth in the bladder. Histology reveals malignant transitional cells. Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for this condition? A- Chronic cystitis B- Cigarette smoking C- Cyclophosphamide therapy D- Schistosoma haematobium infection   Q- A 65-year-old man presents with progressive dyspnea … Read more